What is Molluscum Contagiosum? Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
SkinChange.AI
Medical editorial team
Molluscum contagiosum is a common viral skin infection that primarily affects children but can also impact adults. It appears as small, pearly white bumps on the skin — typically painless and harmless, but contagious.
In this article we explain exactly what molluscum contagiosum is, how it spreads, what it looks like, and what treatment options are available.
What is molluscum contagiosum?
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), which belongs to the poxvirus family. The virus targets cells in the outermost layer of the skin, creating small, benign bumps with a characteristic pearly sheen.
The bumps — called mollusca — typically have a small, central dimple (umbilication). They are almost always painless and often disappear on their own within 6–12 months, although some can last for several years.
What does molluscum contagiosum look like?
The classic signs of molluscum contagiosum include:
- Small, pearly white bumps: Typically 2–5mm in diameter with a smooth, dome-shaped surface and a characteristic central dimple.
- Multiple bumps: They often appear in clusters but can also occur scattered across different parts of the body.
- Painless: The bumps usually cause no pain or discomfort.
- Common locations: The face, arms, legs, torso and armpits are the most commonly affected areas.
Why does molluscum contagiosum happen?
The molluscum contagiosum virus spreads easily through direct contact with infected skin or contaminated objects. Transmission can occur in several ways:
Skin-to-skin contact
Direct contact with an infected person is the most common route of transmission. This can occur through play, sports, cuddling and sexual activity.
Contaminated objects
The virus can be transferred via towels, washcloths, shared toys, swimming pools and playground equipment. This is particularly relevant in environments with many children.
Self-spreading
Scratching or picking existing bumps can transfer the virus to other areas of your own skin — this is called autoinoculation.
Who gets molluscum contagiosum?
Molluscum contagiosum is most common in children between 1–10 years old, but can affect people of all ages:
- Children: Especially children of preschool and school age due to close play and contact with other children.
- Adults: Adults can become infected, particularly through sexual contact or if they have a weakened immune system.
- Immunocompromised individuals: People with HIV/AIDS, organ transplants or other conditions that weaken the immune system are more susceptible and may develop more and larger bumps.
What can you do about molluscum contagiosum?
Molluscum contagiosum often resolves on its own, but treatment can speed up healing and reduce the risk of spreading:
🧊 Cryotherapy
Freezing the bumps with liquid nitrogen. An effective method that typically requires several treatments.
💊 Topical medications
Creams or lotions containing salicylic acid, cantharidin or podophyllotoxin can be used to remove the bumps.
🏥 Curettage / extraction
Removal of the bumps using a sterile curette or forceps. Performed by a doctor.
⏳ Watchful waiting (especially in children)
Since bumps often disappear on their own, watchful waiting is an option — especially if the child is not bothered by the bumps.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of infection and spread, it is important to:
- Avoid picking or scratching the bumps
- Wash your hands regularly and thoroughly
- Avoid sharing personal items such as towels and washcloths
- Cover the bumps during close contact with others
- Clean shared toys and surfaces
Medical classification: Molluscum contagiosum is classified as 1E76 in the WHO's International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). It is a viral infection presenting as dome-shaped, umbilicated papules. Treatment includes cryotherapy and topical agents.
Frequently asked questions
Is molluscum contagiosum dangerous?
Molluscum contagiosum is usually harmless and often disappears on its own. However, it can be cosmetically bothersome, and the bumps can become infected if picked at.
When should I see a doctor?
See a doctor if the bumps become very numerous, spread rapidly, cause discomfort, or do not improve with self-care. In people with weakened immune systems, the condition should always be evaluated by a doctor.
Can adults get molluscum contagiosum?
Yes, adults can become infected. In adults, it often occurs through sexual contact and can affect the genital area. The condition is generally milder in healthy adults.
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Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a dermatologist for personal guidance.